VIGNETTE

A 87 year old man is complaining of coughing, increasing shortness of breath and chest pain and had a positive COVID-19 PCR the day before presentation on the emergency department. He has been staying in a nursing home following a hip fracture 4 months ago. His medical history reveals a mild vascular dementia, multiple percutaneous coronary interventions in the previous years, chronic heart failure (treated with medication and currently stable) and cataract surgery on both eyes. The clinical frailty score is estimated at 6. He partly regained mobility since his hip fracture but he needs help for all activities outside and because of cognitive problems he also partly needs assistance for ADL activities inside.

The symptoms started 7 days ago, his temperature is 37.8°Celsius, heart rate 81/min, BP 152/77, respiratory rate 20/min and SpO2 91% without additional oxygen. The patient is conscious, but slightly incoherent in speech. He is able to answer with “yes” or “no” when asked straightforward questions. The referring letter from the nursing home reveals that the patient has three children. On physical examination, crackles and rhonchi are heard. The patient does not show signs of imminent respiratory distress. The urine in his urine catheter, inserted during his stay in the Emergency Room, is clear. The rest of the clinical examination is unremarkable. In his medical file, no advance care plans are described, the patient does not seem to comprehend questions regarding this topic. Chest X-ray shows bilateral infiltrates. CRP is 90 mg/L (normal value <9 mg/L), D-dimers 250 mg/L (normal value <0.5 mg/L).

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* 1. Will you perform other diagnostic test at this point? (multiple answers possible)

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* 2. What treatment will you start? (multiple answers possible)

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* 3. Will you admit the patient to the hospital?

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* 4. Will a resuscitation policy be added to the medical file? (multiple answers possible)

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* 5. What would you find medically appropriate for this patient?

  Yes No
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in case of cardiac arrest
Intubation and mechanical ventilation
Admission to the intensive care
High flow oxygen/optiflow
ECMO ( extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)

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* 6. How many visitors /day were allowed?

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* 7. If visitors (yes question 6)  were allowed, how many hours could they stay/ day?

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* 8. Suppose the patient is admitted to a COVID-19 cohort ward, and his situation suddenly deteriorates very quickly. You think there is a high probability the patient will die, and plan to start palliative care.
What additional services will you call?

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* 9. How many visitors were allowed during the palliative stage when death is near?

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* 10. If yes  (question 9 ) how many hours were the visitors allowed to stay?

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